Table of Contents
Maternal Lineage Analysis in Makrani and Kalashi Populations of Pakistan
Last Updated: August 12, 2025
Introduction
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a powerful tool for uncovering maternal ancestry. In Pakistan, two culturally unique populations — the Makrani of Balochistan and the Kalashi of Chitral — show distinct maternal lineage patterns that reflect their migration histories, isolation, and social practices.
This article explores the differences in mtDNA haplogroup composition between these two groups, highlighting what they reveal about the past.
Thesis Excerpt & Insights
“A total of 27 haplogroups were identified in Makrani population with a majority of L haplogroups of African origin, followed by M and N haplogroups of South and West Eurasian origin” (p. 70).
Makrani Maternal Lineages
- Dominance of African-origin L haplogroups, likely from centuries of contact via the Indian Ocean trade routes.
- Presence of South and West Eurasian haplogroups suggests mixed ancestry and continuous gene flow.
- Genetic evidence supports oral histories linking Makrani ancestry to African, Persian, and Arab traders.
“In Kalashi population, 7 haplogroups were identified with an overwhelming majority of West Eurasian lineages, particularly haplogroup H” (p. 73).
Kalashi Maternal Lineages
- Majority haplogroup H aligns them closely with European and Central Asian populations.
- Limited number of haplogroups indicates a founder effect and long-term isolation.
- Oral traditions and genetic data both suggest a possible link to ancient Indo-European settlers.
Comparative Genetic Perspective
| Population | Haplogroup Diversity | Origins | Genetic Signature |
|---|---|---|---|
| Makrani | High (27 haplogroups) | African, South & West Eurasian | Mixed and diverse |
| Kalashi | Low (7 haplogroups) | Primarily West Eurasian | Uniform and isolated |
Anthropological Implications
- Makrani genetic diversity reflects cosmopolitan coastal interactions.
- Kalashi genetic homogeneity reflects preservation of ancient maternal lines.
Conclusion
Maternal lineage analysis of the Makrani and Kalashi reveals two opposite ends of the genetic spectrum — one shaped by migration and trade, the other preserved by isolation and tradition. These findings deepen our understanding of Pakistan’s population history and highlight the role of mtDNA in tracing human ancestry.
Disclaimer
Disclaimer: Some sentences have been adapted for SEO and clarity. For exact wording, refer to the original thesis PDF.
Source & Citations
Thesis Title: Genetic Characterization of Mitochondrial DNA in Makrani and Kalashi Population from Pakistan
Researcher: Muhammad Hassan Siddiqi
Guide (Supervisor): Prof. Dr. Tanveer Akhtar
University: University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
Year of Compilation: 2014
Excerpt Page Numbers: 70–74
Author Bio
Muhammad Hassan Siddiqi, PhD, is a population geneticist specializing in mitochondrial DNA analysis, human evolution, and forensic applications. His research has contributed to understanding the genetic makeup of diverse South Asian populations.
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