Comprehensive Clinical Guide to Guinea Pigs: Biology, Husbandry, and Common Conditions
Table of Contents
Introduction
Guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) are among the most popular small exotic mammals kept as pets worldwide. Despite their common presence in households and clinics, their unique anatomy, physiology, and health needs often differ significantly from more traditional small animal patients.
This blog post provides a comprehensive, scientifically grounded excerpt detailing the biology, husbandry, clinical conditions, and therapeutic protocols specific to guinea pigs.
With the focus keyword “clinical care of guinea pigs,” this resource benefits veterinary professionals, zoologists, students, and exotic pet owners seeking authoritative guidance based on clinical experience and research.
Excerpt (Verbatim)
Biology
Guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) are rodents that originated in South America, where they were domesticated around 5000 BC. The average lifespan is 4–7 years, with a weight range of 700–1200 g. Their dentition is open-rooted and continuously growing.
Heart rate is typically 230–380 bpm, respiratory rate 42–104 bpm, rectal temperature 37.2–39.5 °C, tidal volume 4.4 ml, urine pH 8–9, and water intake is around 10 ml/100 g/day.
Husbandry
Housing should be spacious, with solid flooring, ample hiding areas, and bedding of hay, shredded paper or other dust-free material. Temperature should be maintained between 18–26 °C.
They are social animals and thrive in compatible groups. Diet must include high-fibre hay and guinea pig-specific pellets; daily vitamin C supplementation is essential due to the lack of endogenous synthesis.
Handling and Restraint
Guinea pigs are docile but may become stressed if not handled correctly. They should be supported under the chest and hindquarters.
Diagnostic Approach
A thorough history and physical examination are crucial. Haematological and biochemical data should be interpreted using species-specific reference ranges.
Common Conditions
- Dental disease: Malocclusion is common and may cause weight loss, hypersalivation, and anorexia.
- Gastrointestinal disease: Includes antibiotic-induced enterotoxaemia, coccidiosis, and bacterial or viral enteritis.
- Respiratory disease: Bacterial pneumonias caused by Bordetella and Streptococcus species are common.
- Skin conditions: Parasites, dermatophytosis, and barbering are frequently encountered.
- Urinary disease: Urolithiasis and cystitis may occur due to poor hydration or diet.
- Nutritional diseases: Hypovitaminosis C leads to scurvy, presenting with lethargy, swollen joints, and haemorrhage.
Anaesthesia and Analgesia
Premedication with benzodiazepines and opioids is typical; induction via inhalant agents (isoflurane/sevoflurane) is preferred. Monitor closely for hypothermia and respiratory depression.
Surgery
Procedures such as caesarean section, ovariohysterectomy, and orchidectomy can be performed with careful technique and supportive care.
Euthanasia
Injectable anaesthetic overdose or inhalant agents may be used, ensuring minimal stress and pain.
Drug Administration
Administer drugs via oral, subcutaneous, or intramuscular routes. Intravenous access is challenging and rarely used.
Supportive Care
Fluids, assisted feeding, and thermoregulation are essential during recovery from illness or surgery.
Source Citation
Researcher: Anna Meredith, Sharon Redrobe (Editors)
Thesis Title: BSAVA Manual of Exotic Pets, 4th Edition
Supervisor: [Not specified – collaborative manual]
University: British Small Animal Veterinary Association
Year of Completion: 2001
Exit Page Number: 64
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