Table of Contents
Introduction to the Smooth-Coated Otter
Smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) belonging to the order Carnivora, is a semi-aquatic member of the family Mustelidae and the sub-family Lutrinae. There are 13 species of otters distributed all over the world and Pakistan hosts only two i.e. Smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) and Common or Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra).
Smooth-coated otter’s range starts from Mangla Dam in AJK and ends almost at the coastal areas in Thatta district of Sindh around Indus Delta.
Local Names of the Smooth-Coated Otter
- Urdu: Oodh Balao
- Sindhi: Paani ki Billee (Cat of water), Ludhro (singular), Ludhra (plural)
- Pashto: Da Khawar Spay (dog of water)
- Shina: Oozho
- Punjabi: Luddhar
Ecological Role and Conservation Status
Being top predator in a wetland ecosystem and being semi aquatic animal; it uses both the land and aquatic habitats and hence, has an important role in the health of these environments and is a biological indicator of deteriorating water quality and toxicity of the water bodies.
Otter hunting for fur trade, deterioration of otter habitats, and human-otter conflicts has resulted in the decline of the species in its Type Locality; Sindh and the species is found now in isolated populations in scattered habitats.
Study Objectives and Methodology
Since no recent reports are available on the distribution, population status, and state of habitats of Smooth-coated otter in Sindh, the present study was designed to investigate such ecological parameters of the species in Sindh and to highlight the ecological role of the species and thus helping the species conservation.
Research Methods
Different methods and techniques were applied to study the distribution, habitat requirements, and current status of the species in Sindh. These included:
- Review of available literature
- Interviews with relevant people
- Physical visits to different locations
Habitat and Water Quality Analysis
To study the otter habitats, three basic habitat components were examined:
- Food
- Water
- Cover and shelter
Water quality parameters analyzed (24 total):
- Turbidity, pH, Conductivity, Total Dissolved Salts, DO, BOD, COD
- Ammonia, Nitrite, Free Carbon Dioxide, Sulphide, Total Hardness
- Total Alkalinity, Bicarbonate, Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium
- Chloride, Potassium, Sulphate, Carbonate, Nitrate, Fluoride, Iron
Population Estimation Techniques
- Total Count & Sample Counts
- Line Transects / Strip Census Method
- Tracks Count Technique
Equipment Used
- Digital camera (Canon EOS 60 D)
- Search lights, 4×4 vehicles, motor boat
- Measuring tape (for footprint & spraint size)
- Binoculars (10 x 50), GPS receiver (Garmin Map 76)
- Field guide books, study area maps
Key Findings
Distribution and Habitat Fragmentation
Historical and current distribution of Smooth-coated otter in Sindh was recorded and plotted on maps using GIS tools. 25 sites were identified where the species exists.
The species, once widespread along the Indus River, is now restricted to isolated populations in fragmented habitats.
Core Otter Zones in Sindh
Three core zones were identified based on frequent otter activity (holts & spraints):
- Upper Nara Canal & seepage lagoons (Khairpur District)
- Lower Nara Canal & seepage lagoons (Sanghar District)
- Chotiari Wetlands Complex (Sanghar District)
These zones had healthy habitats with sufficient food, water, shelter, and space.
Water Quality and Population Trends
- Some sites had heavily polluted water, but most were suitable for otters.
- Population estimates:
- 2009: 513 otters
- 2010: 732 otters
- 2011: 1,034 otters
This indicates a 30% annual increase, suggesting recovery after decades of decline.
Major Threats to Smooth-Coated Otters
- International trade of otter skins & body parts
- Misconceptions about medicinal value of otter parts
- Habitat degradation & water pollution
- Vegetation clearing & undergrowth burning
- Weak wildlife law enforcement
- Hunting dogs, increased tourism
- Human-otter conflicts (fishermen)
- Food competition
Conservation Recommendations
- Strict enforcement of wildlife laws
- Training for wildlife staff
- Establishment of an otter sanctuary & breeding center
- Public awareness campaigns
- Habitat restoration & relocation programs
- Discouraging fish farming in core otter zones
- Compensation for fish farmers affected by otters
- Regular population monitoring
- Research grants for young scientists
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